In contrast to laminar flow, in which a fluid moves in smooth paths or layers, turbulent fluid flows are chaotic, vary in three-dimensions, and are unsteady over a wide range of scales creating an ongoing challenge for the physicists, mathematicians, and engineers seeking to understand, model, and innovate new techniques and applications involving them. Complicating modeling non-equilibrium turbulent plasmas is the range of multi-scale physics that must be included.
